à l"échelle nationale - определение. Что такое à l"échelle nationale
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Что (кто) такое à l"échelle nationale - определение

TYPE OF DIFFRACTION GRATING USED IN SPECTROMETERS
Echelle Grating; Echelle spectrograph; High resolution echelle spectrograph; High-resolution echelle spectrograph; Echelle

SOPHIE échelle spectrograph         
FRENCH ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENT
SOPHIE spectrograph; SOPHIE echelle spectrograph
The SOPHIE (Spectrographe pour l’Observation des Phénomènes des Intérieurs stellaires et des Exoplanètes, literally meaning "spectrograph for the observation of the phenomena of the stellar interiors and of the exoplanets") échelle spectrograph is a high-resolution echelle spectrograph installed on the 1.93m reflector telescope at the Haute-Provence Observatory located in south-eastern France.
Indignité nationale         
LEGALLY DEFINED OFFENSE IN FRANCE
Indignite nationale
Indignité nationale (French "national unworthiness") was a legally defined offense, created at the Liberation in the context of the "Épuration légale". The offence of Indignité nationale was meant to fill a legal void: while the laws in application in 1939 had provisions against treason, murder and such crimes, they did not take into account reprehensible behaviours which occurred during the Occupation and in the Vichy regime, such as participation in the Waffen SS or in the Milice.
Dégradation nationale         
FRENCH PUNISHMENT FOLLOWING WORLD WAR 2
Degradation nationale
The dégradation nationale ("National demotion") was a sentence introduced in France after the Liberation of France. It was applied during the épuration légale ("legal purge") which followed the fall of the Vichy regime.

Википедия

Echelle grating

An echelle grating (from French échelle, meaning "ladder") is a type of diffraction grating characterised by a relatively low groove density, but a groove shape which is optimized for use at high incidence angles and therefore in high diffraction orders. Higher diffraction orders allow for increased dispersion (spacing) of spectral features at the detector, enabling increased differentiation of these features. Echelle gratings are, like other types of diffraction gratings, used in spectrometers and similar instruments. They are most useful in cross-dispersed high resolution spectrographs, such as HARPS, PARAS, and numerous other astronomical instruments.